Su 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


no 


1^ 

112 


21 
2.2 


ui  lii   III 

:^  1^  12.0 


1.4 


1.8 


1.6 


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V] 


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W 


^ 


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V 


^> 


Photographic 

Sdences 
Corporation 


7?  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


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Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


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D 


D 


D 
D 
D 
D 

D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagee 


□    Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
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T» 
to 


Tf 

P« 
of 
fil 


Oi 
b« 
th 

Ot 

fir 
si« 
or 


T^ 

sh 
Ti 

wl 

M 
dil 

:: 

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D 


Additional  comments:/ 
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J 

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conformity  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  da 
filmaga. 


Original  copias  in  ^irintad  papar  covars  ara  filmad 
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othar  original  copias  ara  filmad  baginning  on  tha 
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sion,  and  anding  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustratad  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  -^  (meaning  "CON- 
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whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
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right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  die  jrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  exemplairas  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimie  sont  filmis  en  commenpant 
par  la  premier  plat  at  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniAre  paga  qui  comporta  una  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration.  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  salon  la  cas.  Tous  las  autras  exemplairas 
originaux  sont  filmto  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  paga  qui  comporta  una  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  at  en  terminant  par 
la  derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
derniAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  la  symbola  ~^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmAs  A  des  taux  da  reduction  diffirants. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA,  it  est  filmA  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  an  prenant  la  nombre 
d'images  nicessaira.  Las  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrant  la  m^thoda. 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


- 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

^f 


THE 


oyyoxt/uvest 
CdUectLorv 


IN  th: 


d- 


SPEECH 


OP 


THE  HON.  JOSEPH  J.  McDOWELL,  OP  OHIO, 


ON 


THE  ORECIOilf  TERRITORY, 


DELIVERED 


IN  THE  HOUSE  OP  REPRESENTATIVES,  MOND,\Y,  JANUARY  5,  184G. 


WASHINGTON : 

BLAIR  &  RIVES,  PRINTERS. 
1846. 


rjic  question  I 
tee  of  the 
M*-.  C.  J.  1 
poreiijn  Re 
the  United  i 
of  the  termi 
Orefc  -n  Ter 

Mr.  McDO 

iMr.  Si'KAK 

tlent  that  I  ri; 

ntelligcnt  boc 

JO  now  from  ' 

Jje  subject  ur 

^ults  that  mi 

tby  tliis  Coil 

Republic.     It 

lOunce  its  im 

leip  interest 

ftbor,  and  by 

that  look  upo 

lift  Hall.    N 

»gEat  subject 

njxiously  W! 

pttblic  mmd  c 

Uld  from  its  c 

n^llions  of  A 

with  intense 

rtoy  take  up 

t*d  honor  of 

tdc  reprcsenti 

(bnonunated 

Uiiit  lies  betw 

tajns,  and  be 

(topes,  I  feel 

will,  if  life  is  ( 

oa  the  mcasu 

ed  for  the  fu 

for  the  whole 

n0t.  Sir,  dui 

ptnding  the  ( 

B^use  for  l\ 

trely  remarl 

that  nominal 

©^annexatio 

o(f  the  Unitei 

1S44,  and  tl 

B|r.  Polk,  r 

ig$d  demand 

T^  the  trutb 

iint,  and,  \ 


n^ 


rilE    OREGON    TERRITORY. 


Oie  question  bping  on  n  referenrf  to  the  Commit- 
tep  of  the  Wlinle  tlie  resolution  reported  by 
M*.  C.  J.  IvGERsoLL,  from  the  Committee  on 
Poreiiin  Rflations,  requestinsj  the  President  of 
Ihe  United  States  to  {ijive  notiee  to  Great  Britain 
of  the  termination  of  the  joint  occupancy  of  the 
Orcj,  n  Territory — 

Mr.  McDowell  said  : 
iVIr.  Si'F.akkr:  It  is  with  extreme  crnhnrrass- 
lient  that  I  rise  to  address  this  disting;uished  and 
nteilifTcnt  body  at  any  time,  and  more  especially 
)0  now  from  the  ft  oLthe  ^reai  importance  of 
Jie  subject  under  CI      i(ifration,  and  the  practical 
•ailuUs  that  must  flow     om  the  decision  made  upon 
t  by  this  Con2;ress  on    le  weal  or  wo  of  this  fjreat 
Republic.     It  IS  scarcely  necessary  for  me  to  an- 
lOuncc  its  importance;  the  fact  is  attested  by  the 
le^p  interest  manifested  by  every  member  on  this 
floor,  and  by  the  multitude  of  our  fellow-citizens 
ihat  look  upon  us  from  the  galleries  of  this  splen- 
iijl  Hall.     Nor  is  the  deep  interest  taken  in  this 
^at  subject  confined  to  us,  or  to  those  who  are 
Jilxiously  watching  our  course  here;  the  whole 
public  nund  of  this  mighty  nation  is  deeply  acita-  ! 
tijd  from  its  centre  to  its  >,ircuniference,  and  twenty 
nalllions  of  American  citizens  are  this  day  looking 
with  intense  anxiety  to  the  action  that  this  House 
ntev  take  upon  this  question  to  secure  the  rights 
Mjd  honor  of  the  nation.     Sir,  as  one  of  the  hum- 
ble representatives  of  that  portion  of  this  Union, 
ihnominated  the  great  valley  of  the  Mississippi, 
tl(|eit  lies  between  the  Alleghany  and  Rocky  moun- 
tl^ns,  and  between  the  great  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
Bjippes,  I  feel  the  responsibility  of  my  position,  and 
will,  if  life  is  continued  to  me,  when  the  vote  is  taken 
0»  the  measures  now  before  the  House,  and  design- 
ed for  the  full  occupation  of  Oregon,  cast  my  vote 
for  the  whole  of  them,  let  the  consequence  be  war  or 
n0t.  Sir,  during  the  last  session  of  Congress,  and 
pjnding  the  discussion  ofthejoint  resolutions  of  the 
Biouse  for  the  annexation  of  Texas,  it  had  been 
fiwly  remarked,  that  the  Baltimore  Convenkon, 
that  nominated  Mr.  Polk,  had  made  tlie  question 
«f  annexation  an  issue  to  be  submitted  to  the  people 
«|the  United  States  in  the  Presidential  election  of 
lt44,  and  that  the  people  had,  in  the  election  of 
Bir.  Polk,  responded  triumphantly  to  that  issue, 

«d  demanded  of  Congress  to  execute  their  decree. 
)  the  truth  of  this  position  I  gave  my  hearty  as- 
pnt,  and,  with  a  large  majority  of  the  Western 


and  Northern  members  here  then,  stood  sliouldcr 
to  shoulder  with  our  Southern  friends,  breasted 
the  storm  of  opposition  that  met  us  at  every  step, 
clung  manfully  to  the  one-starred  banner,  passed 
the  joint  resolutions,  a' id  thus  carried  triumphantly 
the  banner  into  the  Union,  there  to  mingle  its  rays 
with  the  constellations  that  played  within  her  orbit. 
Sir,  but  a  (gw  days  ago  this  Congress  had  glo- 
riously consummated  what  the  last  had  begun; 
annexation  is  now  complete;  and  the  new  planet 
is  fully  launched  into  our  system,  and  it  will 
shortly  begin  to  revolve  in  the  irbit  we  have  as- 
signed to  it.  Sir,  it  is  an  act  of  which  the  last  and 
present  Congress  should  be  justly  proud.  It  was 
great  in  its  conception,  great  in  its  consummc'ion, 
and  will  be  greater  in  its  consequences  upon  the 
whole  interests  of  this  country.  It  is,  jierhaps, 
one  of  the  most  important  moves  that  this  Govern- 
ment has  ever  made  upon  the  political  che.ss-l)oard 
of  nations;  it  has  completely  checkmated  England, 
whose  diplomacy  had  been  most  skilfully  exer- 
cised upon  Mexico  and  a  few  in  Texas,  to  enable 
that  Government  to  make  subsidiary  to  her  inter- 
ests the  productive  powers  of  the  soil  of  Texas, 
in  furnishing  her  with  the  great  staple,  cotton,  to 
the  successful  growth  of  which  its  climate  and  its 
soil  were  so  congenial.  The  course  pursued  by 
us  on  this  question  has  given  the  death-blow  to 
the  ho])es  of  Great  Britain,  that  promised  her  a 
supply  of  cotton  from  Texas  under  mutual  trade 
regulations,  that  would  have  released  her  from  her 
galling  dependence  upon  the  United  States.  Sir, 
the  consummation  of  that  great  measure  had  put 
into  our  possession  the  best  cotton  country  on 
earth,  and  gave  us  a  power  over  British  spindles 
and  British  industry  that  is  more  potent  in  re- 
straining her  rapacity  than  would  be  fifty  war  ves- 
sels on  our  coasts,  or  an  army  stationed  at  our 
fortifications  of  one  hundred  thousand  men. 

But  great  as  this  question  wiis,  and  the  happy 
results  that  promised  to  flow  from  it  to  the  inter- 
ests of  this  nation,  if  adopted  and  carried  out,  yet 
it  was  not  the  only  measure  or  issue  made  and 
submitted  by  that  ever-memorable  Convention  for 
the  decision  of  the  American  people.  No,  air :  it 
was  one  only  of  a  series  of  issues  submitted  and 
decided  at  that  election.  The  great  question  now 
under  discussion  was  made,  submitted,  and  deci- 
ded; and  is  scarcely  second  in  importance  to  that 
of  which  I  have  been  speaking.  Another  of  the 
series,  too,  was  the  modification  of  the  tariff,  and, 


», 


Ibb^UyJ 


though  Inst,  not  least,  in  the  principles  involved  ! 
and  their  ultimate  rirect  upon  the  iil)erties  and  in-  j 
terests  of  this  nation.     Sir,  liiose  issues  iiavint;  all 
lieen  deeidul  hy  the  people,  as  we  desired  them  to 
be,  they  must  all  lie  consummated  by  our  aciion, 
or  the  f^lory  of  the  victory  of  '44,  and  the  splendor 
of  the  achievement  of  annexation,  m  ill  sink  under  ' 
a  cloud  of  )Md)lic.  indi:;iiati()n,  iliul  will  burst  in 
fearful  grandeur  U|)on  our  devoted  heads.     Sir,  1  i 
am  c;lad  to  see  around  nie  so  many  of  that  lutblc  1 
band  with  whom  I  was  ])r(iud  to  iwA  at  the  last  ses- 1 
sion — the  Tt\cu«  Inrincilitv:i.     Will  there  be  one  of 
that  band  who  will  falter  iji  his  ell'ort  to  consununate 
the  public  decree  on  this  subject?     Is  there  one 
who  is  to  be  alarmed,  and  prevented  friun  respond- 
ina;  to  th'^  call  of  public  ojiinion  on  this  jjjreaf  Ore- 
f^on  question,  by  the  crf)akiM^s  of  uur  enemies,  or  1 
the  p"opliecies  of  Abolilidjiists  ?    Will  the  r)pinions  ' 
BO  unfortunately  and  inconsiderately  expressed  by  ' 
my  colleague  [Mr.  Giuuincjs]  this  mornin;?,  us  to 
the  results  of  war  upon  the  South,  (which  in  one  ; 
breath  he  affirmed  and  in  the  next  deined,)  deter  i 
any  Democrat  who  rcpreseiUs  the  South  herefrom  \ 
aidina;  ua  of  the  West  and  N(n'ih  in  carryini,'  out  j 
thi.s  important  ni(-iisure?    Shall  his  wish,  and  the  j 
wish  of  some  who  may  act  with  him — that  war! 
may  grow  out  of  the  course  proposed  by  the  nieas- ' 
ures  now  under  discussion,  and  that  its  desolation!?  j 
may  tall  upon  the  South,  to  facilitate  a  result  that 
Jie  and  his  friends  desire — be  seized  Ufx)!)  as  ..lei 
movin;;;  object  in  urj^nny;  now  the  settlement  of  this  1 
quest'on  by  its  friends?    God  forbiil.     Sir,  I  wish 
to  say  to  any  that  may  be  operated  upon  by  such 
reasoning,  that  they  mistake  the  friends  of  this 
measure,  and  the  motives  that  actuate  them.     Sir, 
if  war  shall  result  from  onr  course,  1  shall  regret 
it  as  much  as  any  one;  Init  I  cannot  shrink  from 
my  duty  in  prosecuting  measures  designed  to  se- 
cure the  interest  and  honor  of  my  country,  if  war 
ahould  eome.     And  permit  me  to  say  to  Southern 
gentlemen  here,  that  if  that  war,  predicted  by  my 
coUeafeiic,   [Mr.  Giudings.'  shall  come,  and   the 
British  flag  shall  be  unfurlee   ,n  the  sunny  fields  of 
the  South,  and  guarded  by  the  black  reg'imeuts  oP 
which  he  speaks,  that  are  to  be  imported  there  from 
the  West  India  islands,  its  triumph  will  be  short, 
and  as  gloomy  as  the  regiments  over  which  it  was 
unfurled.     Sir,  thousand.-s  and  tens  of  thousands 
of  the  noble  sons  of  the  North  and  West  would 
soon  transport  themselves  to  your  sunny  shores, 
and  cause  that  flag  to  strike  in  mglorious  defeat. 

But,  Mr.  Speaker,  I  entertain  no  fears  that  the 
South,  upon  this  occasion,  will  be  found  less  chiv- 
alrous and  steadfast  to  the  interests  and  glory  of 
this  Republic  than  on  occasions  gone  by;  but,  on 
the  contrary,  tiiat  her  name  will  be  mingled  in 
all  that  can  contribute  to  the  consummation  of 
either. 

Mr.  Speaker,  I  have  departed  somewhat  from 
the  course  I  had  intended  to  pursue  in  the  remarks 
I  desired  to  make  on  this  occasion,  and  must  hasten 
to  other  points  involved  in  the  measures  presented 
for  our  action;  and,  sir,  I  will  say,  in  the  first 
place,  that  I  do  not  think  that  the  question  of  our 
title  to  Oregon  is  one  now  to  be  made  or  discussed, 
or  that  should  be  discussed,  here;  Tor  myself  1 
shall  so  consider  it,  and  will  not  do  it  the  injustice 
of  subjecting  it  again  to  argument.  The  able  letter 
I  hold  in  my  hand  from  the  pen  of  the  Secretary 
of  State,  (Mr.  Buchanan,)  in  reply  to  the  positions 


assumed  by  Mr.  Pakcnham,  the  British  Plcni:jgl[^p  g),„j 
tentiary  here,  is  conclusive  and  unanswerable;  'i|,gp|,,,^.  „|1 
in  my  humble  judgment,  is  characterized  hy  _j,e,,  |^-||i|l 
much  ability  as  any  of  the  kind  tliat  has  ever  •^i|li,,.i;,,|,  tol 


nated  from  that  depaitment. 


ateh, 


The  apitropriatt!  issues  ar'-<ing  out  of  the  in('__p|,,  f.y^^ 
lU'es  subniitif  (!  on  the  subject  of  occupying  Ore'.'-^'^,,!^^],,, 
ire,  it  sicius  to  nie,  these:  jiossession,  the  rigliijj4;|,r,,.,.^ 


L.I 

ex  Id 

ji 

,  ,.  .  ,  ..        ,   ,  -     Wiilc  treat! 

possession,  and  (it  ihes(;  are  ni  our  lavor)  tiien  ;  V^^y  it  wl 
iiest  means  of  availinsi;  ourselves  of  the  full  enj'j^Uuited 
meiit  of  these  rii;hts  a-  uLrainst  mere  srjiiatters,  o3  ijeeii  vi 
To  (leterniiiio  these  riuesiions,  it  might  be  weil,jij,^j,.,.    |,y| 
look  Oai'k  at  some  inciiljiits  in  the  iiistfiry  of  :if^   .^^]^l^  ijT 
tv.-o  nations  touciiing  these  issues,  that  we  niay  ^d'  (  \^s\\i 
able  to  begin  ri','ht  in  the  argumi.'iit.    The  S<!cret;i^|,    ||.|||  ., 
of  Statt;  (Mr.  iiuchanaii)  shows,  in  his  arguini^  (|',.,^  tliisl 
that,  at  the  time  of  the  decluration  of  war  by  'ijMiDH  ,,(' ihl 
ruuioii  against  Great  lirilaiii,  we  had  the  fLi"  iiMiJu.-- of  til 
exclusive  posscssioi    of  Oregon  as  against  l^i|«tiiue  ol 
land;   that,   some   time   after  the  war   had   coj.  treiity  nj 
meiiced.  Great  liritaai,  through  her  navy,  forcii.ggj^.^  ,'^,^,,.  ,L 
seized  the  points  <;ccupied  by  our  citizens  in  O^j   ^y.,^  |-(,|l 
gon;  and  that  the  possession  was  not  restored  '^'lat 'treat  v  li 
to  this  Government  until  some  three  or  ti  ir  yc.j^y  weaken 
after  the  treaty  of  Ghent,  which  was  in  b.;ceml),jjj^  d,;'^  ,.|„ 
1814,  the  lirst  article  of  which  reads  thus:  "Tlj^j  eoiivent 
'all  territory,  places,  and  possessions,  whatsoev,gm    jj,  ,,,.,1 
'  taken  by  either  party  from  the  other  during  ^^  j-J^^jj  j,j 
'  war,  or  which  may  be  taken  after  the  signing  ,^m. 
'  this  treaty,  excepting  only  the  islands  afterwai    ' 
'  named  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  shall  be  restor  ^  ^ 

'without  delay."  •  By  the  thh 

The  surrender  or  restoration  of  Oregon  umiRis  tigreed 
this  clause  of  the  treaty  of  Ghent  was  formaby  cither  jia 
made  under  an  order  that  proceeded  from  inm,  wi^stwa 
Prince  Regent  of  England,  and  directed  by  Egether  with 
Bathurst  to  the  partners  or  agents  of  the  Nortlie  navigatii 
west  Company.  The  following  is  the  report  fi*e  find  ope 
the  surrender  by  the  proper  officers:  la**'  '^f  the  s 

"In  obedience  to  the  command  of  his  Ro\'^*^"'- ^''^•'?^'!' 
'  Highness  the  Prince  Regent,  in  a  despatch  fri^^f?  '  "  'I 
'  the  Right  Honorable  the  Earl  Bathurst,  addres^"^''  '^  ""^ 
'  to  the  partners  or  agents  of  the  Northwest  Coi^jv  '■'n"}i  w 
'  panv,  bearing  date  the  STth  of  January,  1818,  m*?  l«''"r« 


111  obedience  to  a  subsequent  order  dated  the  :2t)^" ,1^'^' .  V 
-         -' '    -,  Esr  By  the  joi 


'of  July,  ]H\H,  from  William  H.  SheriiF,  x:...,^- 
'  Captain  of  His  Majesty's  ship  Andromache,  w^  '^V  7^1^" 
'  the  undersigned,  do,  m  conformity  to  the  firx"  ,°      '■    ,' 
'  article  of  the  treaty  of  Ghent,  restore  to  the  Go-P|"'-''^>^'  ',    ' 
'  ernment  of  the  United  States,  through  its  agent,  ,^^^' '"   ■^ 
'  B.  Prevost,  Esq.,  the  settlement  of  Fort  ^eor.v.  ^^  *;,  ^^"^ 
'  on  the  Columbia  river.  ^    !■ 

"  Given  under  our  hands,  &c.,  the  sixth  day  "£     ,    f^' 
« October,  1818.  F.  HICKLEY,         ^^E^^^'j 

"  Vapt.  ofms^Iaj^estr/^h^f>^h^^^^^ 

"  Of  the  Mrihivest  Company."  1°^*;^  °fJZ 
"  I  do  hereby  acknowledge  to  have  received  tl.(^  jt  shall  i 
'  day,  in  behalf  of  the  Government  of  the  Unitf^jo-ated  af 
'  States,  the  possession  of  the  settlement  designate  ^i''   ,  .   , 
'  above,  in  conformity  to  the  first  article  of  the  trc  *"'^   .  "^ 
'ty  of  Ghent  ^  ^P^''^''^^ 


"Given  under  my  hand,  in  triplicate,  at  Fo 


The  first  re 


«  George," Columbia  nver'  the  Gth^day  of  Octo'bt*?"  •^"'V'M 

'  1818.  J.  B.  PREVOST. " ^'V  ^'"'^ 

q^nt  acts 

It  is  proper  here  to  remark,  that  in  Earl  Ee  |Jnited  St 

thurst's  despatch,  and  in  Lord  Castlereagh 's  i^hilli  could  i 

stmction  to  the  British  Minister  at  Wasliingtoiidfcil  manm 

a  reservation  is  made  that  the  surrender  of  poalflereagh  o 


\ 


c  British  Pleni-jjjj^j^  should  not  be  deemed  nn  admission  of  the 
ui!Ui.swc;i-aUe;  a;j,^|„,^.  „|„i  ..xrlusive  right  (if  di)miiiioii  dninifd 
iariii!tfrize(l  'jy  yj|„,  ;-,iii,.,i  Stiitcs;  but  at  the  .sauif  tiniu,  iu  ex- 
tliat  liua  ever  wjannti,,,,  i,,  M,-.  Rush,  us  staled  in  a  pul)hc,  (h'S- 
atcli,  "  Lord  Caslli'i-i'n;,'li  adiiiiitcd,  in  the  most 
2;out  of  thp^mi^j^l^l,.  f.^ieat,  our  ri:;lit  to  he  reinstated  in  the 
ooeui)yini;Orr"  ^^^  ji  |  n,  i,,.  ,]„,  in^.ty  ;„  i,ossessioa 
the  ri-liilJJ^ii,  •  '       ' 


L'ssion, 


to    III' 

treatinir  of  tiie  title.' 


our  luvor)  then  ;  wj^^^.  j^  ^^.jn  |„,  ..(nrcived  by  the  forr-jjoinoj,  that 
'  of  the  lull  enj.,|^u„i,(.,|  i^^.^^^.^^  ihrou-li  her  agent  iMr.  I'revost, 
^iiere  sfiiialters,  cJj  |j,.p„  i-csiured  to  her  original  jjossession  of  the 
It  might  be  \velini,y,.y^  !,„  i^^.  ijriij.s),  Governmenl,  in  Octoix-r, 

tile  hiMtory  ol  ;||j^^  .j],,!  J,.^,  nfn;,.  i|mt,  restoration  of  possession, 
;s,  that  we  may  ^(1  ( 'astlenngh,  in  some  (;xplanati(Ui  U)  Mr. 
nt.  lheh('eret;i,jg[,^  !,.,,[  aiiimtud  i)i,>  justici;  of  the  rcstonilion, 
S  in  his  argunu^  (1,.,^  ,l,j^  (Jovcriunent  was  riu'htfiilly  in  pos- 
lon  ()l  war  by  t^jj^ii,!,  ,,Cili|.  ctinntry  whilst  liie  two  natioihs  were 
e  had  the  'LiII  a^,i,i„.  ,,C  ^^^^,  ^■^^l^._  ^)^^^.  pcsHession,  then,  up  to 
II  us  against  J^injdiii,.  ,,f  tlie  eonvention,  which  is  falsely  called 
he  war   hud   ai^^  ti-raty  of  jojui   occupancy,  dated  about   two 

lier  navy,  loren.ggj^^  .^|-,^.,.  ii,;^  surrender  of  the  territory  iisafore- 
ur  eitizens  m  D^^  ^^..,^  ,-„ll  „,„{  p,,,.f,,et.  Xow,  by  the  terms  of 
!iiiotrcst()redai;i,j^j  (i-,:;ity,  did  we  ilispossess  oiirsel\es,  or  in  any 
three  or  K  ir  ye.jjy  ^^.(,j^j^j,i^  our  right  to  possession.'     To  deter- 

wa.s  in  boccmkjj^jj  ^l^l^  (iiR'stion,  I  will  give  you  the  artichs  of 
reads  tints:  "li^  convention  which  are  material  to  the  aigii- 
ssions,  whatsocv,gm^  j„  order  that  my  course  may  be  directed  by 
I!  other  during  .jg  f.^^^^  in  ll,iy  controversy.  Th  :y  read  as  fol- 
tter  the  .signing  ,„_. 

islands  ulterwai    ' 
,  shall  be  restoi  articles  of  co.vvention 

By  the  third  article  of  the  conveiuion  of  1S18, 
1  of  Ore-'on  uni'  Ris  airrced  that  any  country  that  may  be  claimed 
leiit  was  formi\by  eiilier  party  on  the  northwest  coast  of  Aine- 
oceedcd  from  iricn>  wi;stuiu'd  of  the  Stony  mountains,  shall,  to- 
1  directed  by  E?ether  with  its  harbors,  bays,  and  creeks,  and 
lents  of  tile  Nori^he  navigation  of  all  rivers  within  the  stune,  be 
a  the  report  free  and  open  lor  the  term  of  ten  years  from  the 
ers:  late  of  the  signature  of  the  present  convention, 

md  of  his  Ro;'**  *'"'  ^'*^''^'^^''*!  citizens,  and  subjects,  of  the  two 
a  desimtch  iViP®^^''^''''' »  ''  being  well  understood  that  this  ngree- 
iathurst  uddresv"*'"  '^  ""^'  *"  be  construed  to  the  prejudice  of 
Northwest  Coi**y  '"I'^'iii  which  either  of  the  two  high  contract- 
unrv   1818  'v^  I'artirs  may  have  to  any  part  of  tlie  said 

.■r  dated  the  it^"'"[y''.' *<=•      .,      ^,^^-,,,    • 
.1.  yherilF,  EsJy  "'^  joint  article  of  182^"  It  is  agreed  that 

Andromache,  nvP  P^."71f  ""I  "^  *''*=  ^''f  ^"'!'l'?  "^  ''^f  ';""^'^"- 
rmitv  to  the  fir**"       1818,  above  recued,  shall  be,imd  they  nr 


■der 
H. 


istore  to  the  Go^'^'^X'  '"definitely  extended  and  continued  in 
'0U"h  its  aeent  '**''^'^^'  '"  ^''"^  same  manner  as  if  all  the  provisions 
t  ,.?  p^-t  lionl-^f  ^li''  said  article  were  herein  specifically  re- 


it  of  Fort  Geor.  .V  . 
ated 


/ 


the  sixth  dav'  ^^  '^'''^  second  article  it  is  agreed,  "  It  shall  be 

ICKLEY  50mpetcnt,  however,  to  either  of  the  contracting 

's  shin  Blossom  '*""^^'  •"  ^^^^  either  should  think  fit  at  any  time 

EITH  ^^^^  ''^'^  ^'^''^  "^  October,  l8'28,  on  giving  due 

fc«s(  Company. "''°^''''  °^  ^^'''^^  "'""*'l''  ^"  ^'^"^  "'^*''"  contracting 
' .    •'     larty,  to  annul  and  abrogate  this  convention  ; 
mve  received  tl,ijj4  it  shall  in  such  case  be  entirely  amiuUed  and 
'"'        ■,'^^.U""yibgated  after  the  .siiid  term  of  notice." 

rticle  of  tl?e  tre  "^^  third  article  saves  all  rights  and  claims  of 

ejparties. 
inlicatc    at  Fo  .    "^  ^''^^  remark  is,  that  these  conventional  pro- 
dav  of  Octobt*?"  contain  no  reference  whatever  to  the  pos- 
PREVOST  "*•**'"'  which,  by  the  treaty  of  Client,  and  sub- 

(|nent  acts  under  it,  was  acknowledged  to  be  in 
hat  in  Earl  Eeitlnited  Statt;s,  in  the  most  formal  manner,  and 
Jastlereagh 's  hhipli  could  not  be  divested,  except  in  an  equally 
at  Washingto:i!i|al  manner.  The  reservation  made  by  Lord 
urreiider  of  poaiflereagh  cannot  afTect  the  possession,  because  it 


did  not  allude  to  that;  and  if  it  did,  his  subsequent 
mlmissions  to  Mr.  Rush  arc  to  Ije  construed  a.i 
giving  un  that  reservation.  Then,  1  will  ask,  hov^* 
stands  the  case  now,  as  between  the  possessory 
rights  of  these  two  Governments  juid  their  citizens 
and  subjects?  Did  the  termsof  the  articles  ((iiotcd 
from  this  convention  re|)ossess  (Jreat  Britain  or 
her  subjects  with  what  she  d  timed  under  coiKpit'st, 
luid  before  the  siiriender  made  to  us,  as  bcfiiro 
shown.''  Clearly  the  convention  did  no  such  thing, 
but,  on  the  contrary,  has  left  us  in  the  posses- 
sion, with  an  ag<;eem('nt  on  our  part  that  her  sub- 
jects nii','ht  enter  the  country  and  exercise  mere 
ea.'--cineiiis  there,  in  the  way  of  commerce  inul  trade, 
and  the  iiaviLcation  of  the  rivers  of  the  country. 

If  tlie  position  I  take  be  sustained,  as  1  think"  it 
is,  by  tlie  history  and  facts  of  the  case,  then  hav- 
ing the  possession  iind  ritiht  of  possession,  the 
r  ht  of  sovereignty  over  the  same  necessarily  fol- 
I'  AS  as  an  incident.  There  is  no  plainer  axiom 
thui  this  to  he  found  in  international  law,  and  it  is 
laid  down  by  a  very  c(  lebrated  author  on  niftional 
law,  (Vattcl,)  that  where  one  Government  jios- 
sesses  itself  of  a  conuuy  not  pre-occupied  by  any 
other,  that  then  thi^  ejupirt  or  sovereignty  juid  do- 
main iu'c  in  such  Governnient.  Now,  is  there  any 
obstacle  in  the  way  of  this  Government's  exer- 
cising its  sovereignty  over  the  whole  territory .' 
Could  she  not  organize  a  territoriid  Government 
there,  protect  her  citizens,  and  parcel  out  her  territo- 
ry in  such  manner  as  best  suited  her  interests,  with- 
out injury  to  such  rights  as  the  convention  con- 
fered  on  the  subjects  of  Great  Britain.'  In  other 
words,  could  we  not  exercise  such  attributes  of 
sovereignty  over  the  soil  and  citizens  of  that  coun- 
try as  would  secure  all  we  desire,  but  in  such 
way  as  not  to  violate  any  of  the  stipulations  of  the 
convention  ?  But  why  shall  we  regard  so  sacredly 
the  jirovisiims  of  that  convention,  when  Great  Biit- 
ain  (the  other  party  to  it)  has,  through  the  Hud- 
son's Bay  Company,  violated  its  letter  and  spirit, 
by  taking  possession  of  the  soil  of  Oregon,  selling 
out  parcels  of  it  to  their  employees, and  establishing 
municipal  regulations,  not  only  over  Oregon,  but 
over  all  territory  not  under  the  operation  of  our 
law.-;?  She  has  not  only  her  civil  and  criminal 
laws  in  exercise,  but  an  armed  soldiery  to  see  to 
their  execution.  Our  citizens  have  in  some  cases 
been  torn  from  their  homes  and  families,  and  car- 
ried to  Canada,  to  sutler  the  penalties  of  British 
law.  Sir,  are  we  bound  to  observe  treaty  stipula- 
tion.i,  whilst  she  in  her  action  disregards  them  all? 
Shall  we,  after  al!  her  acts  of  bad  faith,  refuse  to 
act,  until  the  provision  in  it  providing  for  a  notice 
shall  have  been  comjilied  with?  Sir,  I  insist  that 
her  bad  faith,  in  relation  to  the  treaty,  has  released 
this  Government  from  all  obligation  to  observe  the 
provisions  of  that  convention,  and  that  it  is  virtu- 
ally abrogated  by  the  course  of  that  Government; 
and  that  having,  on  the  part  o*"  this  Government, 
no  means  of  enforcing  its  provisions  peaceably, 
we  are  at  liberty  to  proceed  to  the  full  occupation 
of  the  whole  country  now. 

At  the  last  session  of  Congress,  when  the  ques- 
tion of  notice  came  up  in  connexion  with  this  sub- 
ject, the  Democratic  members,  including  myself, 
from  the  West  and  South,  with  scarcely  an  excep- 
tion, voted  against  the  notice,  for  reasons  that  were 
then  satisfactory.  My  opinion  has  undergone  no 
diange.  But  as  I  am  here  to  represent  the  opinions 


6 


^ 


nf  my  cnnntiliirntfl,  rvliicli  (o  Honip  rxtrnt  }i(\%c' 
been  recently  i'X|ircHNi'(l;  iiiid  as  ilu;  I'rcMidciit  (I'lir: 
wiiost!  opinion  I  liiivt;  ii  hiirli  n'l^anl)  lins  rccotn- 
mended  it  in  his  Mcssnijc   as   ncccf.snry  to  dis- ' 
r,liarj;e  what  he  ronct^ivi's  to  l)o  conventional  ohlic;ii-  | 
tions;  and  as  sni'h  ciinrsc  may  licltcr  answer  pnblic 
cxpectulion,  anil  the  expectations  of  otlua- nations,  1 
than  the  pojii^y  1  be!iev(!  to  he  riu:lit,  1  shall  waivfi  i 
my  indiviilnal  ojiinion,  atid  sustain  the  notice  by 
my  vote,  bclicvini^  that  it  catinot  be  olijected  to  iiy 
Grciit  Britain,  havin'j;  assented,  as  she  did,  to  the 
jirovision  in  tiie  coiiventioii  tliat  reqnircs  it.  | 

The  notice  in  not,  per  sr,  a  declnration  of  w«r;  | 
hut,  on  the  contrary,  was  desiijned,  w  hen  provided  | 
for,  as  a  meiin:^  of  preventinij  it.     And  if  the  Hrit- ' 
ish  Govornment  sliidl  think  proper,  after  the  time  ; 
)>rovided  for   by   the   noiice  expires,  to  hold  on, 
throui|;h  her  sulyeets,  to  the?  possession  she  acquir- 
ed by  trespassini,'  on  our  ri2;hts,  in  violation  of  the 
spirit  and  terms  of  the  convention  of  181H,  she  by 
that  course  will  bo  the  a^'<;ressor,  and  the  conse- 
quences that  may  result  from  this  course  on  her 
part  must  rest  upon  her.    If  she  resists  our  takinu; 
j)osacssion  at  the  expiration  of  twelvmnonths,  she 
would  now,  unless  it  would  be  such  servile  jiosses- 
fiion  as  wouhl  be  of  no  use  to  u.s.     As  I  remarked  ■ 
before,  I  am  williii!;;  to  take  the  responsibility  now 
of  takin:^  ))osscssion,  or  at  the  exjiiration  of  twelve  ' 
months;  but  j)o.ssession  will  and  must  be  taken  of 
the  country,  rej;;ardieas  of  all  consequences,  at  the  [ 
time  that  shall  be  fixed  upon  by  this  Government.  I 
If  reason  fails,  then  the  strong;est  of  all  arguments 
must  ensue — physical  power.    I  cannot,  however, 
with  due  deference  to  the  opinions  of  others,  see 
what  there  could  be  in  any  phase   this  questi(iii 
might  assume,  that  could  justify  Great  Britain  in 
embroiling  herself  m  a  war,  that  would  begin  with 
us,  but  end  in  one  with  all  her  neighbors.     Wliat 
can  she  e  o  gain  in  territory  on  this  conti- 

nent, or  inerce?    She  nmst  lose  in  both. 

Why,  if '  .d  even  hold  Oregon  by  it,  it  would 

be  a  shc/t  Itase,  for  which  to  surrender  Canada. 
Indeed,  she  camiot  hold  Oregon;  causes  both  moral 
and  physical  forbid  it,  .'?eparated  as  it  is  by  twen- 
ty thousand  miles  of  ocean  from  the  centre  of  her 
power;  and  strong  though  that  power  be,  yet  the 
Government  cannot  impart  its  viiror  through  aline 
of  such  vast  extent,  to  any  colonial  form  of  gov- 
ernment that  she  might  create,  so  a.s  to  give  it  power 
or  respectability  or  energy  enough  to  resist  the 
popular,  moral,  and  political  inllucnces  that  now 
exist  there,  and  which  the  proximity  of  the  terri- 
tory to  ours  would  facilitate  and  increase. 

Sir,  England  has  only  to  cast  her  philosophic 
eye  back  lialf  a  century  upon  the  history  of  the 
progress  of  population  here,  to  satisfy  her,  it 
seems  to  me,  that  any  hope  of  a  permanent  foot- 
hold in  Oregon  is  chimerical.  In  1800,  our  popu- 
lation was  about  four  and  a  half  millions,  and  it  is 
no^y  (in  1846)  about  twenty  millions — showing 
an  increase  of  upwards  of  three  per  cent,  per  an- 
num, coiiipounded,  upon  the  population  of  1800. 
This  ratio  of  i-  rcase  applied  to  the  twenty  mil- 
lions for  the  next  twenty  years,  will  give  us  more 
than  thirty-five  millions  of  people.  This  ratio  up- 
on the  population  of  1800,  has  filled  the  country 
east  of  the  Alleghanies,  and  thrown  from  six  to 
eight  millions  of  people  beyond  it  into  the  valley 
of  the  Mississippi  in  forty -five  years.  Now,  what 
power  oil  earth  can  stay  the  tide  of  increase  upon 


twenty  millicuis  from  sweeoing  over  the  IJu 
nuiuntains  and  on  to  the  shores  of  the  Par 
Its  current  is  daily  increasing,  and  spri'iuling  ii 


'UR>nilinri! 

fHIHl    ell'ei' 


111 
ill 
111 


over  a  greater  and  greater  surface,  and  such  wil  ^^  ,,,  i),,. 
the  momentum  imparted  to  it  by  a  tew  yearj||g  i,,,,.  .^y 
time,  that  it  must  spread  itself  over  the  wl,^i,,,.i  j,,. 
country  within  tli(^  geogiapliical  limits  of  •i^'vitlnmt  ie 
America,  in  this  view  of  the  subject,  can  iy^,-|i  uiki 
possible  tlidt  iMmland,  to  attain  nil  object  ng:Hj||i„,,.  y^, 
the  probai)ilities  of  which   tiii'i-i^  are  so  miiiiv  ^g.!    ,,,..l.. 

ronfiueriilile  reasons,  will  sacrifice  the  large  iuvS  ,'i n 

her  citizens  derive  from  the  manufacture  of  co|[I3|.,|,|  ^^^^^ 
and  dry  u|i  one  of  the  mo.st  ar'iive  and  exteii-,j||r|, 
sources  of  her  commerce,  as  well  as  of  enij.;^,, 
iiieiu  and  of  support  to  tlioiisanils  of  her  subji  jy|^|il  ilj.ri, 
Will  she  jeopard  her  commerce,  tVoni  which  u^hji  h   n,, 
derives  all  her  v\-e;ilth?  And  more:  will  she  liii/yj  luak. 
the  (ixisteiice  ol"  her  nionarciiy,  whose  fouii(liii.i|^e  ^^ ,,,  i,!  | 
have   beneath  tliem  elements  of  combustion   j^e  urm  (h 
will  iirnite  and  explodeiipoii  the  t'llliiiij:  of  thi  -contoi,  an 
spark  that  is  stricken  by  tlif;  blow  of  her  svspl^i,.  \v1mi 
from  the  helmet  or  shield  of  her  antagonist,      ^J,..  ,S| 
entomb  her  greatiu.'ss  beneath  the  ruins  of  tinpju-t  ,,(  ili. 
tastrojihe?     .Sir,  it  may  be  the  destiny  that  ftj-uli df  il 
has  assign  'd  to  her,  but  nothing  less  could  ai  c.y|r^  |  ,  nnli 
for  her  folly  and  her  weakness.     l>ul  suppose gjnii,.,,,,.,, 
determines  on  war,  as  her  luiuclUy  spirit  may  tliis  .qilij.  i 
tate,  after  our  course  shall  have  been  taken  on  be  given  l" 
subject,  are  her  circunislances  such  as  placi  tintion  wa: 
in  a  condition  that  should  inspire  us  with   I'g^tiaiiou  ii 
What  if  she  has  an  army  of  one  hundred  and  gpu  Tenin 
ty-three  regiments,  cmilaining  l."J3,0(H)  men, the  terriin 
her  Army  Register  of  1844  shows;")  of  that  nimhtre  have 
sixty-tliree  regiments  are  required  to  kee])  in  (lideration 
jection  her  starving  people  at  home;  thirty-thn  not,  it  coiit 
watch  O'Connell  and  his  1()0,()()0  repealers  in  sand  scpiai 
land;  twenty-tiiree  to  protect  the  patriots  from  eand  about 
throwing  her  power  in  the  Canadas;  thirteci  jui  comiiart 
stationed  at  Gibraltar,  nine  in  the  Ionian  Isla  tile  nuiiibe 
two  in  India — and  they  the'  only  regiments  that  i  informed,  i 
ever  been  in  battle  of  the  whole  of  her  preseii  tijity  of  tin 
my;  the  balance  in  Burmudas,  Jamaica,  Ausir  ui  view  uLs 
and  Chusan.     These  ret;imciits  are  all  needi  occupies  oi 
those  jioints;  indeed  their  ))resence  is  indisj)!  maiul  of  iis 
lile  to  the  security  of  her  possessions  at  each  most  weali 
all  of  them,  and  she  coultl  not,  without  great  Ijlresiein    I 
ard,  withdraw  at  any  time  more  than  five  of  i  MJireiKlor  n 
to  add  to  her  strength  in  Canada.     It  is  true  lator  of  the 
our  army  is  .small — perhaps  eight  thcmsand  wv 
service;  but  what  are  our  resources  in  citizen 
dier.s?    Sir,  if  an  exigency  should  arise,  we 
three  millions  of  citizen  soldiers  that  would  br 


geiitative  h 
Wjeciion  b; 
isitioiis  o 
*iit,  ad  vis 


dy  to  defend  the  honor  of  the  country  and  ofler.d .-    C 

rights  from  the  attack  of  an  enemy.     We  w  fartJur  ney 

be  stationed  upon  our  own  soil  amid  plenty,  v  Ihe  power 

she  would  have  to  transport  her  men  and  pr  tiontdly  to 

sions  here  at  an  enormous  expense  to  meet  i.  citizens  u] 

battle  array.     Her  navy,  too,  that  would  be  a  Such  an  e> 

able  to  her  in  such  a  contest,  would  not  ex  with  the  s 

eighty  ships,  and  many  of  them  of  an  inli  flangerous 

grade.     On  the  other  hand,  with  the  vessels  ,    I  think,  1 

complete  and  those  that  are  nearly  so,  we  cou  Message, 

a  short  time  put  to  sea  war-vessels  equal  in  i  fuid  that  tli 

her,  superior  in  size,  and  carrying  more  guns,  prophecies 

large  and  splendid  merchant  vessels  and  w  war  is  ine> 

ships,  amounting  to  five  or  six  hundred,  con!  ^eut  delay 
procured  at  once  by  this  Government,  moii 
with  guns,  and  many  of  them  with  steam-eng. 
and  put  into  effective  service  in  a  few  weeks; 
besides  these,  there  are  at  least  fourteen  huii 


asts  fron 

rd  the  hu 

tic,  at  1 

nV    I  an 

iirastinotio 


I 


•tiici 
il 


iiikit:  will  slu:  lia/y^ 
ly,  wliiisf  l'iniiiilni,i|ie  \\ , 


i)f  ciirrfrt,  the  clt'iiiiMits  nf  war  lu'r  iliicKfiiiii^ 
ni'oiiiid  UH,  unil  thn'iiti'ii  NJiortly  a  f^ri'iit  iiininl  e\- 
jilosidu  tlitit  would  wiiko  u|)  ilir  rivili/.cd  wDrld 
i'niiii  its  sluiiii)(:r,  to  witin'ss  a  ('(illisiDii  ot'  powers 
ftiid  i)riii(i[)li's,  tlirouLrliDiil  its  l)ri>nd  extfiit,  timt 
would  ri'iiiould  ilN  history,  its  inHiituiioiis,  its  dt-M- 
tiiiy,  |ifrlia|).s  for  renlurii's  yet  to  conu'. 

ft  lins  Ix't'ii  said,  nud  not  iiia|)tly  i-iilit-r,  timt  the 
sy.strrus  tli.it  govern  tin;  moral  world  art!  not  uu- 
likc  tliosi'  iluit  L',(iv('rn  iIk-  plaiirlary.  dillVTiii';  in 
lliis,  ilioui^'h,  lliat  iht!  orliitH  of  the  moral,  lliouuli 
as   variform,  are  not  as  nnaltnral)l<\    The   orlnl 


lins;  over  the  1? 

liores  of  111'-  PMri:|^,,il„,„,^_  „C  various  dimcnsionH,  thnt  could  Iji>  innd  linvofiilicr,  while,  if  snffm'iousfjcntlpnirn  hpre 
:,  and  spri-adinu;  i(„0„i  ,,(Ii.,. lively  tiniilovt'd  in  our  harliors,  Imys,  ' ' 
uulsui'h  wil_^  ,^,  ,|„,  iiiou'ihs  of  our  rivers.  Tin;  Hritlsh  ll.tt, 
)y  il  few  yearjij^  I,,,,,  .nmv,  is  pan^tllcd  out  around  the  L^lola:  lo 
tsflf  over  tho^  ^^'iroli'it  hir  intcrcslM,  and  cannot  he  withdrawn 
iiical  limits  of  -N'ylihont  i,..,iiiincnt  liazard  of  loss  at  the  points  from 
ihe  sniyrci,  can  f^^j^cU  uxla-u.  I  see  no  cause  iu  all  tiiis  for  trepi- 
niii  an  (diject  n{,M|,|li(,i|.  ^vc  linve  met  her  liefore  on  sea  and  on 
hen;  are  so  many  ^jj,  undir  circumsiances  much  less  auspicious, 
■riiice  the  lar^'e  pr  yfM  ,ut  oui  with  our  swords  an  undyini;  fame.  Our 
naniifactureof  coii^.,i,t  |„i\  y,  though  small,  carried  the  American 
active  and  exleie^j,,  ;,,  inumiili  throu'^h  the  seas,  to  bathe  his 
s  well  as  of  em|i,j^i^   i,,  hiieriy's   siuiliuht,  while  he,  in  his  nji- 

vuids  of  luT  suhjc^lji.^l  ili;;ht,  ho're  away  the  tallered  caiunss  upcju  j  ofllie  i'lni^lish  (iovernnient  has  no  settled  hounds, 
erce,  iVoni  which  ^hiil,  [\^,.  \[„n  reposed,  a  trophy  of  victory ,  in  i  and  her  revolutions  and  <'on(iuests  for  the  last  ren- 
leak.  Our  army  of  citizen  soldiers,  loo,  tauiiht  1  tury  serve  ni  demonstrate  her  pow<'rs  of  exteii- 
l  that  lialtles  were  hest  fouj;hi  a.id  won  liy  [  sion,  by  the  correspondini^  duninution  of  the 
s  of  combustion  ihc  arm  that  I'reedom  and  liberty  nerved  I'or  the  j  spheres  of  the  systems  ilml  revolve  in  conti;.rnous 
the  falliiej;  of  the  conie^t,  and  that  the  (i;lory  of  victory  is  more  com-  i  space,  and  whoie  political  aial  conmn?rcial  viiali- 

e   blow  of  her  svpl^t,'  when  enjoyed  b)'  freeuinn.  *     ■  ' '  - '        '    •'  '    -  ' 

■  her  anta:;onisl,  J^|,-,  ,spealv('r,  I  would  like  to  ^ay  more  on  this 
h  the  ruins  of  lie  part  of  ili.j  suliject,  but  the  tnne  allotted  to  me  iiy 
the  destiny  that  n  mh:  of  this  House  admonishes  me  to  hurry  on. 
ini;  less  could  aicj^f^  |  cinl'ess  tliat  I  have  been  pained  loliear  some 
ss.  Hut  suppose gatiti,., II,., I  li,.,-,'  desirini;  no  definitive  action  on 
uirlity  spirit  may  |liig  .<ul)i,i  t  now,  in  onler  that  further  time  miirht 
ive  been  taken  on  by  (rivci'i  fur  nei^oiiation.  1  had  hoped  that  nei,'o- 
es  such  as  placi  tiation  was  closed  on  this  subject  for  ever,  if  ne- 
nspire  us  with  I'Mtialion  meant  a  surrender  of  any  portion  of  On- 
line hundred  and  ggn  Territory  lo  our  antaironist.  "l  care  not  tlioui;ii 
n^  133,001)  men, the  territm-v  lie  as  worthless  as  some  «-eiitlenien 


territm-y  lie  as  worthless  as  so 
lowsOof  that  miiih«i-e  have  represenn.'d  it;  it  is  ours,  and  that  coii- 
[juiretl  to  keep  in  (iteration  is  sufficient  forme,  fciir,  worthless  or 
home;  thirty-thn  n<»t,  it  contains  a  surface  of  near  six  hundred  thou- 
[),000  repealers  ill  Band  sf|uare  mile.s — ^^jiist  twice  as  lari;e  as  l-'rance, 

he  patriots  from  II  a||d  about  half  as  la'ri;e  as  the  United  States;  and, 
Uanadas;  thirleei  iu|  cumiiared  with  the  Allantic  slope,  it  has  double 
I  the  Ionian  Iski  tlje  number  of  square  miles,  and,  if  I  am  correctly 
ly  regiments  that  i  infornnid,  is  far  superior  in  climalc  and  in  the  fer- 
("ile  of  her  preseirtility  of  the  soil.     In  this  view  of  the  subject,  and 

,  Jamaica,  Ansli  in  view  also  of  the  ;;reat  eomniercial  position  it 
Ills  are  all  iieeih  occupies  on  the  Pacific,  (whiih  will  _i;ive  it  the  eom- 
indisiK  HHuiil  of  its  trade.)  and  its  coiiti'j;uiiv  to  some  of  ilio 


esence  is 


ties  have  been  absorbed  by  her  ]iower,  and  buried 
in  its  vortex.  Who  ever  dreamed,  when  the  linst 
India  (!(nnpany  was  created  for  mere  commen  ial 
purposes,  and  thrown  out  as  a  stem  of  the  Gov- 
ernmental tree,  that  it  wmild  strike  dec[)  its  roots 
into  the  soil  of  Jiidia;  and  that  now,  in  the,  niiit!- 
teeiith  century,  Enu:land,  lhrou';h  its  instrumen- 
tality, would  lie  wieldin;;  her  imperial  sceptre  over 
the  vast  empire  of  Hindostan,  and  the  destinies  of 
her  one  luiiidred  and  fifty  millions  of  people?  Wlio 
would,  after  trnciii^  the  history  of  her  progress 
there,  and  lookini;  upon  the  lilood-marked  boun- 
daries of  the  C()n(iuests  she  has  there  made,  tru.st 
lier  professions  of  alfection  for  our  country  and  its 
prospective  destiny?     JVo  American,  1  hope. 

Sir,  I  rei.rretted  the  other  day  to  hear  it  said  unnn 
tliis  Hoor  that  we  slunild  subject  ourselves,  by  i.U" 
ea^^erness  for  the  acquisitiiiii  of  Oregon,  lo  the 
charj^e  preferred  a.;;aiiist  us  by  Enoland,  of  luslinij 
for  power  and  the  acquisition  of  territory.  Sir, 
with  the  permission  of  the  House,  I  will  read  from 
the  "  Democratic  Review"  a  few  extracts  that  have 
been  imbodied  in  that  work,  taken  tVoin  British 
papers,  showin;:;  tlu^  principles  that  ^(i\('rii  the  ac- 


sessions  at  each  most  wealihv  nations  on  earili,  1  ask  if  there  is  a  !  tion  of  that  Crovernment  in  relation  to  aequisilions. 


It,  without  great  ](|resiern   Uepreseiitative   here  who  is  willin;^   to 
ore  than  five  of  i  iUrrendcr  an  acre  of  it  to  buy  peace  I'roni  the  die-  | 
ada.     It  is  true  fator  of  the  world  ?     Is  there  an  American  Ucpre- j 


&r. 


riiey  are  as  follow 

"  'In  India  we  [the  I'ritish]  shall  he  impelled 

rrcsisiildy  to  extend  our  dominions  <i/i  ve  have 

light  thousand  nit  ieniative  liere  who  would,  in  view  of  the  indignant  i '  rmrhed  the  luilural  limits  of  the  empire,  when  iho 

lources  in  citizen  tjyection  by  Jie  British  iVJinisier  here  of  the  pro-  I  '  imimlse  of  concjuest  will  cease  of  itself.' 

hould  arise,  we  ;  positions  of  compioiuise  submitted   by  the  Presi 

iiseiit  linit  thev  should 


•e  ;  pOsitii 

hi  aeni, : 


•rs  that  would  hi   aeni,  advise  or  consent  that  tliey  slioulU  again  nt 
he  country  and  offend?    Liod  forbid.'    1  honestly  in-otest  against 

enemy.  vVe  w  furtJier  negotiation.  I  doubt,  and  seriously  doubt, 
il  amia  plenty,  vv  Ihe  power  of  the  President  and  Senate  eonstitu- 

her  men  and  pr  tionally  to  transfer  the  soil  of  this  country,  and  her 

pcnse  to  meet  ii  citizens  u)ioii  it,  to  any  foreign  Power  whatever. 
,  that  would  be;i  Such  an  exercise  of  jniwer  would  be  inconsistent 
it,  would  not  ex  with  the  S[)irit  and  genius  of  our  institutions,  and 

tliem  of  an  infi  flangerous  to  the  liberties  of  the  people, 
with  the  vessels  '  I  think,  from  what  the  Presil,  nt  has  said  in  his 
early  so,  we  cou:  Message,  that  the  door  of  negotiation  is  closed, 
i-essels  equal  in  i  and  that  the  time  for  action  is  arrived;  and  if  the 
:ing  more  guns.  |)ropheeies  of  gentlemen  are  to  be  relied  on,  that 
t  vessels  and  v  ll^ar  is  inevitable,  that  action  should  not  be  a  iiio- 
ix  hundred,  coul  pent  delayed.  The  defenceless  condition  of  our 
overnment,  moii  %j)astsfrom  east  to  west,  and  from  north  to  south, 

with  steam-eni^^  |pd  the  hum  of  war  preparations  beyond  the  At- 
tic, at  least  admonish  us  to  defensive  prepara- 


in  a  few  weeks; 
.St  fourteen  hun 


pill 

"  We  are  furtlier  told  that '  Growth  is  now,  and 
'  niust  fur  soini'tiine  continue  to  be,  tlie  normal  stale 
'of  our  [l\iigland's]  exi.stence  in  the  East.  In 
'  accordance  with  which  doctrine,  we  [Americans] 
'  might  well  ask,  what  are  tho.se  natural  limits  of 
'the  [Jniled  States,  where  the  impulse  of  annex- 
'  ation  will  cease  of  itself? 

"And  is  not  growth  the  normal  state  also  of  the 
'  FeiUral  Union?  Another  of  those  who,  as  £)i»- 
'  lishmen,  regard  with  such  holy  horror  the  ambi- 
'  tion  of  the  United  States,  proceeds,  as  counsellor  of 
'  the  East  India  Company,  to  hold  the  following  lan- 
'  guage:  'The  pear  hangs  mellow  on  the  tree,  ready 
'  to  be  shaken  down.  So  the  fate  of  the  Punjanb 
'  is  sealed ;  it  is  to  be  taken  into  subsidiary  alliance, 
'  and  to  follow  the  footsteps  of  Hyderabad,  and 
'  Dude,  and  Gwalior,  and  some  score  otlier  of 
'  British  allies  and  tributaries,  if  so  they  are  to  be 
'  called.    Of  course  the  necessity  of  tliis  movement 


nv    I  am  sick  of  the  cry  of  negotiation  and  pro-  '  is   undeniable.    A  State  which  cannot  govern 
i-astination,  when  we  cannot  maintain  our  rights  1 '  itself  must  be  governed  by  its  neighbors,  for  tlie 


8 


clnimH  nil  of  if  to  Nniiutf  li<r  rnvrnoiiH  mnw, 
tliri'Mtt'lis  li.-i,  if  wi' littcnipt  t(ilal\r  |)o.'i.S(  ssioli  nl'l 
witli  .Mich  trill'   lint  lis  slit!  liiis  visilrd  n|i()ii  ot' 
ri'fnii'tory  (n       ■iiiiiciitH.     Slmll  wt;  siilimit  Inn, 
Id  liir  (lirtnlioii,  or  lie  (il.irtncil  at  Ik  r  ttin  atn  ?  SI 
n'c  kiivi;  111  T  lini;^'rr  liim' to  sii'i'ii;,-tli(  ii  hrrsflf 


'  iiitrrests  of  liitinMiiity  twc  nt  sl.ikr.  Without  nil 
'  clVirii'iit  ixijvii'iimriit,  II  ti  i-i'itiiry  i-uuii  lu'cnnii's  a 
'  |)iiMi('.  imiNiiiirc — Ihr  iiai'lmr  nt'  ili.-^all' rtiuii  anil 
'  outraf^f — tiie  foi'us  <il'  iiitiuvu' — llm  iiiirscry  of 
'  ri'viihiiioiiN  and  whi'h.  It  is  rni)iii,di  lliiit  a  Icrri- 
*  tiiry  is  in  so  (lisoiHJcily  a  i-oiiditioii  as  In  entail  on 

'its  nci'jjhhorH  tin;  ni'ci'Hsity  oC  cinitiinuil,  inron- j  llic  possession  shiMiow  \vri)ny;l'ully  hfilds?  Is 
'  vi'iiii'iit,  and  exjH'nsivu  |irn('(nitions.  It  is  cnou'iii  [  AnuTicun  iiivu-t  (h:ad  that  pulsaird  so  iiolily  ,•! 
'  that  it  mvolvi'S  n  niori!  oppressive  iinlicc,  a  Iwsc^  \  patriotically  in  day.)  poiir  by?  Is  tlicrt!  no  rniUii 
'  sianiliii'^  army,  or  any  other  interfi^rence  with  tin; !  iturlove  for  the  i^raves  ot'oiiraiu'fstors.our  hoiii 
'  lilicrtii's  and  iiiiniunitii's  of  peace.  Such  is  the  ,  and  our  iilierty  ?  No,  tlial  heart  is  not  dead,  thn 
'  state  of  id!  that  rcirion  enclosed  within  the  Upper  ^  God!  I  heiuil  the  voice,  the  ot!ier  (lay,  on  t 
'  Indus  and  i!s  trihiiiariis.  Illoody  rcvohitions,  iiii  '  l1of)r,  of  an  ared  and  veiieraMc  nienilier  Imni  M 
'  insolent  a.. d  ri;i)e!lioiis  soldiery,  a  ruined  and  (lis- 1  sachust:tts,  who  liMid  fi'.r  Imclc  in  the  ei:;htr'ei 
'  tr.icteil  people,  keep  Tsinrthern  hulia  in  perpetual  !  century,  iisseiiin;^  that  thn  whole  of  Ore'^oii  w 
'  alarm.  Sch-presorvation  cninjiels  llio  iiei;^hliois  |  ours,  and  that  thi' ipiestion  ouLHit  now  to  he  sctili 
'  to  ahate  the  iiuisaiHe.  .Siieli  is  the.  iii'C(>ssity,  if  t  Sir,  my  heart  ihrnhlinl  a  w:u'iii  response  to  lh;it  i 
'  not  the  duty,  which  now  drvolvis  on  that  ;;i'eat  :  tri'ilir,  declai-atiou,  coniinu-  tVout  one  who  has  li\ 
'  Power,  wliicli  Providence  has  made  the  centre  of  and  ticf-'d  with  tlwit  U'-Me  l)i\nd  of  patriots  that  i,m 
'  luiiity  and  source  of  orilt-r  to  i!ie  whole  peninsu- '  hirlh  to  this  I'epuiilic,  imj^arled  to  it  that  vital: 
'la.  Britain,  which  nowholil.j  tin;  sceptre,  sue,- !  and  viwr  that  command  tlie  love  and  admiration - 
'  etssively  wielded  1,'y  so  many  harharous  conqu-  i--  !  all  who  can  apjireciate  t!ie  lilierahty  of  her  priii 
'  ors,  is  tiie  jiacifier,  the  ttniter,  in  a  word,  the  I  jiles  or  tlie  snlilimily  of  her  destiny.  Sir,  he  see 
'  supreme  >rovernor  of  1  iindnstnn.'  "  '  ed  to  he  the  only  rcmainiii'.!:  one  of  that  iri'oup 

\V'ho,  I  ask,  after  tliis  recit.d  of  [irinciplea  that  j  intellectual  eoiisti  llations  that  fhono  in  times  u'l' 
dictate  the  aciioii  of  the  Priiisii  (.('overmnent,  will  ;  Ijy,  and  threw  a  lustre  upon  the  history  of  ih. 
fiuoio  her  opinions  (ui  morals,  humnnity,  and  re-  own  country  and  of  the  world,  that  tiiue,  niUTireu 
li};ion,in  the  discussion  of  a  <|uestion  lilce  this,  and  stances  can  obscure  or  ileturny.  Sir,  though  i 
especially  when  she  is  deeply  iiiiere*:ted  in  it,  and  rava'^vs  of  time  are  visible  in  the  pidsieil  hand  t!, 
themunnerof  its  seitler.ieiit.'  JVo  American,  1  hope.  '  v/as  raised  in  attestation  of  our  ri;:ht  ti>  Oresj'i 
Who  that  has  witnessed  her  hyjiocrisyin  lakiii;;  and  the  spriiy  of  the  political  Jordan  lie  had  jiass 
the  chair  of  morals  for  thi!  world,  to  letUiire  Uiissia  i  with  otiier  woi'lhies  that  were  no  more,  still  w 
on  her  cruellies  upon  the  Circassituis,  .h'riuice  on  |  white  upon  his  locks,  yet  there  beat  in  thatbosi 
her  barbarities  upon  the  Al:;eriiies,  and  the  United  j  on  this  'piestion  an  American  heart;  ay,  sir,  it  ji: 
Stales  upon  her  Inst  for  acjiuisition  iind  her  slave  i  sates  with  a  v.-armlh  that  was  imparted  to  it  by  i 
fjystem — wliilst  tit  the  luomcni  of  its  delivery  sl\o  fire  that  fell  upon  it  from  the  altar  of  lil>erty, 
wastcnriin;;  iVmn  Central  America  the  "  Musijuito  which  he  inid  (he  fathers  of  the  Constitution  wi 
.shores,"  ruttinu;  to  nieces  the  iroopfi  of  Ciwali.c;,  j  shipped  toirether  in  days  ironcby.  May  its  c^eii 
]iossessinu:  herself  of  I]')rneo  and  Cliusan,nnd]>ro-  heat  be  imparted  to  the  hi.'arl  of  every  man  in 
paring  for  the  conquest  of  Puniaid>,to  ciuupletc  her 
]iower  over  Hindostiin — could  respect  her  profes- 
sions of  abhorrence  forwimt  slie  denoiuinates  lust 
for  power  mid  acquisition?  That  Government 
seems  to  have  adopteil  Sir  Robert  Peel's  notion, 
that  political  morality  is  a  matter  of  ireonrayihy; 


y  man  in  ti 
IIou.sc,  and  to  tlie  lieart.i  of  the  whole  Amcric 
jic'inle! 

Sir,  I  fancy  that  I  hear  the  jirojile  of  thn  W( 
res[)ondin;,' to  the  sentiments  utiered  by  thtitvem 
ttble    man — that   tin;    m!;;-hly  heiu-t   of   that   p;r(J 
"■iantesa  has  bc'^ur.  to  pulsate  with  a  double  viml 


that  the  laws  of  ri';,iit  dejiend  upim  latitude  iiiid  i  luid  that  I  hetir  the  echo  of  its  throbs  across  t 


lon'j;itude;  innl  \\\u{  in  Ihr  Eir,!  IiuUis  llwij  arc  uUo- 
gctlier  susjundcd  in  juvov  of  the  Compuii'j. 

And  now,  Mr  Spealcer,  let  me  turn  the  txttention 
of  this  House  to  the  history  of  the  lliidson'.s  Bay 
Company,  to  show  the  cio.se  and  .sfrikiui;  analo;;ies 


Alle^hanios.     Yes!  I  fancy  tliat  1   see  y:!itheri; 
upon  her  brow  a  tempest  of  imli::;nation,  that  w- 
burst  uixin  the  devoted  hc^ads  of  any  set  of  me 
in-  party,  that  wmild  defeat  tlic  consummation  li 
the  measures  before  the  House  for  the  full  occuii| 


between  it  niul  the  Ea.st  India  Comiiiuiy.     'I'ho    tion  of  Urc',;on,  and  the  jirolcction  of  our  citizri: 
Hud.son  's  Day  Compiiny  was  chartered  in  the  reii^ii    or  that  would  surrender  one.  foot  of  our  territe. 
of  Charles   the  Second,  ;v,-5  a  tr.'ulin'j,-  commercial  ;  there  to  sntiate  the  cupidity  of  Great  Pritain.    .'>:; 
company,  and  its  boundaries  were  fixed  by  thi-    her  sons  woulii  ])refcr  nitdvinu;  the  territory  noi 
sources  of  the  strctuns  that  emptied  into  the-  bay    of  forty-nine  decrees  their  buryiivij-niround,  rfitL' 
of  its  own  name.     Where  is  thai  Company  now .' I  than  seal,  by  its   surrender   to   buy  peace  i'vi  -^ 
Why,  it  has  transported  ;uul  transplanted  itself  j  England,  the  iniarny  and  dernal  disjjrace  of  tlir^ 
west  of  the  llocky  mountains,  on  the  shores  of  the  I  coiuitry.      They  ask    nothiii'j;   but  what  is  jii; 


Pacific,  far  bevond  its  original  location,  and  lia.' 
dotted  ouvtcrn'tory  with  some  thirty  fortiticatioiis, 
.and  is  now,  backed  by  the  Government  that  g-ave 
it  vitality,  conte.stin;^  with  thisGtAcrnmciit  for  the 
title  and  empire  of  the  whole  of  the  ()re2;on  terri- 
tory, and  is  perhaps  fhi.s  day  whettins;  the  Indian 
.scalping-knife  and  grinding-  their  tomahawk.s  to 
drench  our  own  soil  with  the  innocent  blood  of  our 
unprotected  citizens.  Thus  you  perceive  that  Brit- 
ain lias,  through  the  instruincnttdity  of  this  com- 
fiany,  thrust  herself  into  our  territory,  refuses  one 
half  of  it  to  compromise   rii;;ht.s   she   never  had, 


and  will  not  submit  to  anythiiu';  thitt  is  wroii^ 
She  offers   t'nc   noble  bosoms  of  her  sons,  nsj 
living,  unconquerable  bulwark,  to  protect  thccotii, 
try  and   our   right.s.     She  asks  the  boon  at  tl 
hand.s  of  this  Government  of  rearing  aloft  the  sin: 
luul  the  stripes,  and  planting  them  on  every  liill-ii 
and  valley  in  Oregon — ay,  sir,  on  the  shores  of  ti ; 
mighty  Pacific,  there  to  guard  them  with  her  n 
blest  sons,aiul  there  to  let  them  wave  in  triiimi  _ 
till  the  glorious  principles  of  liberty  and  Chri.';:^ 
anity  shall  Jiave  begirt  the  world,  and  consumni" 
ted  universal  liberty,  civil  and  religious,  to  man. 


nvcnon.'!  nmw, . 

take  |l^^J.s(  ssiiiii  dj'  j 
IH  visilcd    U|iilll  III' 

III!  wo.  Niiliinit  liiii 
at  lirr  ihniitH?  Si 
<ir('ii!,'tli(  II  lii'fsi'l!' 
rfully  lifilds?  Is; 
ilsiUcd  so  luihly  ;;  I 

I  1  thciT  111)  rniii; 
inccstors,  our  ho:.. 
rt  i.(  not  (load,  tiwi 

I  otiit'r  (iiiy,  on  i 
'  mciiilicr  iVniii  M 
■1;  in  llic  I'i-hti  (1 

lin|(_'  of  On'^'Oli    \: 

lit.  now  to  he  s(.|:; 
iv'spon^u'  to  lliai  : 

II  one  n-|io  has  li\ 
of  patriots  that;:.! 
nd  to  it  that  vitjil 
f  and  admiratiiiii 
rahty  of  her  pi-in 
tiny.    Sir,  111' SI'.     ^ 
.11!  of  that.  (j:ron|i    -"f 
'hone  in  tinirs  ';■.     4 
JiP  history  of  il;.    'J 
lat  tinio  nor  cirrii     -f, 
y.     Sir,  thoiii'Ji  i     f 
ic  palsitil  hand  i 

ir  ri;;iit   to  Ore.; 
rdan  In^  had  [viss     ,s 
no  nioiT,  still  \',      ' 
hint  in  that  ho.- 
cart;  ay,  sir,  it  jr 
iijiarti'd  to  it  i)y  I     'I' 
altar  of  lihcrty.     ■'I 
!  Constitution  \v 
<y.   ^[i\y  its  i::(;i     ,i 
'  cvfry  man  i'l  i      i^' 
.e  u'holu  Anicrir 

coplfi  of  tlm  W.      a 
I'rt'd  liy  that  veil.    '?: 
■art   of   that   -r,      | 
ith  !i  douiilo  \i!;i    f\ 
■!  throbs  ai-ros,-;  :     -f 
It  I  sou  p'lih'i" 
!i;;iuition,  that  v.     .■ 
f  any  sot  of  m. 
consuiinnatioii 
or  the  full  ot-ci.  ^ 
in  of  our  citiz. : 
H  of  our  torrii. 
Irnat  llritain.    ;-■ 
ho  torritory  ii.. 
.n'^-rj;ronn'l,  rail 

I'uy  peace  IV. 
I  (iis,:,'race  of  th' 
)Ut  what  is  ji! 
iiT  that  is  wr'ii;: 
f  her  sons,  ji- 
)  protect  the  nil 

the  boon  at  i 
•infj  aloft  the  sia: 
1  on  every  hill-inj 

the  shores  of  tl.i 
lem  with  her  n'[ 
wave  in  triiimpi 
erty  and  Chrisi.j 
,  and  consumnisf 
i'nous,  to  man. 


"as?ri 


&^ 


